Afermative Action Essay Research Paper In times free essay sample

Afermative Action Essay, Research Paper In times of today most subjects of conversation by and large have something to make with political relations and hot political issues. Everything from abortion to gun control to affirmatory action and that? s precisely what I am traveling to speak about, affirmatory action. What precisely is affirmatory action? Harmonizing to Dr. Norman Lewis of Time Magazine affirmatory action is a call for minorities and adult females to be given particular intervention in instances of employment and instruction. Personally I think that it is wholly incorrect and should non be allowed in any instance for any ground. Now that you know what affirmatory action is you need to cognize a small spot about the history of it. Affirmative action foremost came about during the civil rights motion over three decennaries ago. The end of affirmatory action is to give equal rights to people of minority to assist better incorporate the work topographic point, concern universe, montages and universities. We will write a custom essay sample on Afermative Action Essay Research Paper In times or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page For illustration if you are a caucation male using to The University of Michigan and you have a 4.0 class point norm and a good mark on your ACT or SATs you have a 11.5 % opportunity of acquiring accepted, but if you are a minority of any sort and you have a lower class point norm and non rather as good of mark on your ACT or SATs, the minority has a 65 % better opportunity of acquiring accepted than the caucation male. And the same thing goes in the concern universe although they are non as qualifyed ; a adult female or anyone of a minority has a well better opportunity of acquiring hired than a caucation male. All of this is seting employers in a really bad place stoping up with the lesser quality worker. A minority worker that benefits from affirmatory action bears the grade of non being the best worker, but merely the best of the minority when the employee that is really better qualified for the occupation is passed by because of some jurisprudence. Now I thought that the whole point of this jurisprudence was to extinguish the job of favoritism but to me it looks like they are merely making more favoritism and even more of a job. All they have done is turned it around and discriminated against some else for a alteration. Yeah affirmatory action gives people a opportunity to hold a occupation that they may non hold gotten with out it ( after all that? s what this was introduced for. ) In state of affairss like this, no affair what sort of regulations and ordinances you make it? s non traveling to assist, you have to happen a manner to delight everyone non merely the bulk. And it? s non easy to so that but I think that the manner to make that is to engage the best adult male for the occupation no affair what race or gender. After all that? s what you want right? ? ? ?

Definition of Indefinite Article

Definition of Indefinite Article An indefinite article, called an  artà ­culo  indefinido  in Spanish, makes a noun refer to a nonspecific item or items of its class. In English, there are only two indefinite articles, a and an. In Spanish, there are four indefinite articles,  un, una, unos, and unas. Spanish and English have different grammatical rules concerning when indefinite articles  are needed or should be omitted. Agreement in Number or Gender Matters In Spanish, number and gender make a difference. Is the word plural or singular? Is the word masculine or feminine? The Spanish indefinite article must agree with the gender and number of the noun that follows it. Singular Forms of the Indefinite Article There are two singular indefinite articles, un and una, translating to a or an.  Un is used when referring to a masculine word, for example, un  gato,  meaning, a cat. Una is used before a feminine word, as in una persona, meaning, a person. Plural Forms of the Indefinite Article There are two plural forms of indefinite articles in Spanish, unos  and unas, translating to a few or some. Unos is masculine. Unas is feminine. In this case, the correct form to use depends on the gender of the word being described,  for example, She is reading  some  books, can be translated to be  Ella lee  unos  libros.  Although a female is reading the books, the word being described is libros, which is a masculine word, therefore, the article uses the masculine form of the word. An example of unas  being used in a sentence would be,  Yo sà © unas palabras  en  espaà ±ol,  which means, I know a few words in Spanish. Although the word some is considered an indefinite article in Spanish, the word some is not classified as an indefinite article in English. Some is considered as an indefinite pronoun or a quantifier in English. Exceptions to the Rule With every language, there will always be exceptions to the rule. When a feminine singular noun begins with a stressed  ,  a, or  ha, the masculine indefinite article is used instead of the feminine indefinite article to aide in pronunciation. For example, the word,  guila, meaning, eagle, is a feminine word. When referring to an eagle, instead of saying una  guila, which sounds clunky in pronunciation, the grammar rule allows a speaker to say un  guila, which has a smoother flow. The plural form remains feminine because pronunciation is not affected when a speaker says,  unas  guilas. Similarly, the Spanish word for ax is hacha,  a feminine word. A speaker would say, un hacha, as the singular form and  unas hachas as the plural form.

Write a rhetorical analysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift Essay

Write a rhetorical analysis of A Modest Proposal by Jonathan Swift - Essay Example Without a doubt, the speaker could create a plan to make these children beneficial to the society. Swift uses the speaker to propose eating babies as a solution to the problems of Ireland. Swift uses satire to appeal to the emotions of the Irish people in order to encourage them to help the country. The purpose of this essay is to do a rhetorical analysis of Jonathan Swift’s A Modest Proposal. The reason for doing this rhetorical analysis is to demonstrate how Swift uses satire to draw audience attention to the problem, which is the dire situation Ireland was facing at the time. A satire uses mockery, exaggeration, and irony to reveal and condemn the immorality, corruption, or foolishness of a society within the setting or framework of contemporary politics. The speaker proposes cannibalism of Irish infants as a sensible, rational, and in fact responsible solution to the problems of Ireland. This satire does not aim to inflict damage or harm, but rather it tries to produce a shocking effect to make the causes of major Irish problems revolting so that these causes will be purged or removed from the people and society. It is this shocking effect that makes Swift’s political document controversial and highly effective. Swift’s satire uses three elements—ethos, logos, and pathos. In terms of ethos, or author’s credibility, Swift was known for being a remarkable political essayist and critic. He is also known for being religious, which gives A Modest Proposal a sharp appeal. It is somewhat difficult to reconcile the fact that the ‘religious’ Swift has created a speaker that advocates cannibalism as a solution to Ireland’s major problems. This makes the satire more shocking and, thus, effective. What fascinates audiences from the time of Swift to the present day is the outrageous proposal of the anonymous speaker who combines, in one persona, an indifferent rationality and a methodically coldhearted reaction to the

Essay assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Assignment - Essay Example In order to overcome these disputes certain information is remained confidential to the shareholders. This paper briefs about the agency problems and discusses effects of conflicts on the shareholders. It further provides information about the shareholder management to minimize these conflicts. An â€Å"agency problem† may occur when the principle (shareholders) hires an agent (management) to perform business activities. This is because of the reason that the conflicts between the interests among between the management and shareholder (Clark and Marois). The main objective of the company’s management and stakeholders is to maximize its profits. Disputes among the managers and shareholders are created on the bases of their interests. Shareholders may object the amount of incentives that is being paid to managers (Clark and Marois). If the information regarding the incentives and pays to the management is disclosed to its shareholders, it may decrease the net profit margi n of the company. In certain cases it is ethical for the management to hide the internal information from its shareholders, mostly decision making, investment decisions (Clark and Marois). This is because of the reason that the shareholders are not aware of the internal issues of the management; this may involve the moral hazards, employment issues, suppliers matter etc. In case of agency problem certain information regarding the incentives may remain confidential with the shareholders in order to eliminate the possibilities of disputes. It is essential for the organization to maintain the interest its management and shareholders to pursue its objectives (Clark and Marois). Therefore, the management and shareholder shall work together to maximize its profits. The conflicts among the relationship between the management and shareholders may create obstacles to attain the objective and goals of the organization. Management is aware of the internal issues of the company, such as supplie rs’ choices, employment regulation, incentives, investment decisions etc. whereas the entire shareholders are not aware of these internal concerns of the management (Clark and Marois). If any of them is in conflict it may create an obstacle for the organization to pursue its objectives. Secondly, the conflicts may arise the problems in the attitudes of the management and shareholders to have different attitude towards their work (El-Shamy). Management plays the major significant role to attain objective of the organization therefore, conflict among them may result in different attitude in the work (El-Shamy). It is essential for the organization to work with the mutual consent of management and shareholder therefore the management shall carefully identify the issues and resolve in order to keep both of them satisfied. Shareholder’s hire management to pursue its goals, In order to render their services (management) the principle has to bear certain costs also known as a gency cost. Agency cost is paid by the shareholders pay to hire manager in order to act on its behalf (Clark and Marois). This is because of the reason that both have different interest, as the management has more information. These costs are inevitable within an organization, the cost may be spend to provide material incentives (increments, bonuses and stock options) and moral incentives for the management to execute their duties in interests of shareholders. Based on the

Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Dog Food Essay

Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid in Dog Food - Essay Example Dog foods are designed to give the proper nutrition and specific requirements of these pets. Recently, the importance of Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and fatty acids were highlighted by dog food makers. Fish oil, a rich source of fatty acids, was demonstrated in various uses such as improving dull coat of dogs, remedy for allergies, relieving inflammation, supporting brain and eye development. While there are specific studies that scientifically explain the functions of individual fatty acids, effects of doses of fatty acids, specifically DHA, in dog foods are not clear. DHA was proven to have beneficial effects on the brain development of young dogs and on the retina of growing and ageing dogs. There are claims of such benefits with the use of some dog foods but the methodology and results were poorly documented. This proposal aims to determine the effects, if there are any, and the extent of effects of DHA as a component of dog food on the health and intelligence of dogs. The objectives of this proposal includes 1) to determine the effects of different levels of DHA in commercial dog food (Hill's Science Plan) on learning and training ability of dogs, 2) to determine the effects of DHA in dog food through health indicators such as dog fur or coat and c) to determine the effects of DHA in dog food on eye functions of dogs. Fatty acids are forms of polyunsaturated f... Those that they cannot produce but are instead obtained through external sources such as food are called essential fatty acids (Ackerman 1148). Omega-3 fatty acids include Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) deficiency of which is related to skin disease development, Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) which is involved in vasoconstriction and related cardiac function and Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) which is essential for brain and retinal functions. ALA is convertible into EPA and EPA is considered a major mover of the omega-3 fatty acids and is found in the cell membrane (Leaf 197-198, Kenny et.al. 660, Giron et.al.198). Omega-6 fatty acids on the other hand include Linoleic acid (LA) which is found in the skin, Gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and Dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) which are forms of LA, and Arachidonic acid (AA) which is involved in prostaglandin synsthesis. LA can be transformed into GLA. DGLA can be converted from GLA in the skin. LA is vital for optimizing skin's water permeability. AA in large amounts is detrimental to other fatty acids (Pitas 470, Campbell & Roudebush 82). DHA Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a major constituent of brain phospholipids and serves an important function in sustaining structural and functional properties of membranes. DHA is coupled in glycerophospholipids generally with palmitic acid and stearic acid and with an additional long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid which builds up in phosphatidylethanolamines. Adequate supply of DHA has been postulated to promote maximum neurological growth, information processing, the capacity to conduct electrical stimuli of nerve cells, and cognitive ability. There is consensus among experts that mammalian brain produces its own DHA during particular stages of intrauterine and

Reflection on Nursing Presentation

Reflection on Nursing Presentation REFLECTION ON MY PRESENTATION Introduction: As part of my overseas program I had to deliver a 15 minutes presentation on choice of subject in front of my colleagues. An effective presentation makes the best use of the relationship between the presenter and the audience. It takes full consideration of the audience’s needs in order to capture their interest, develop their understanding, inspire their confidence and achieve the presenter’s objectives (University of Leicester, 2009). According to Nickolas (2003), to facilitate an effective presentation there are four elements. They are: Planning, Preparation, Practicing, Presenting Planning: it includes selection of an important topic, finding the learning outcomes, organising the content, preparing the visuals. Preparation: The main aim is to prepare clear, simple and attractive visuals. For eg: effective power point slides. Practicing: Practice makes perfection it includes rehearse and pre rehearse. In rehearse practicing the things you are intend doing, but in pre rehearse practicing the things you might have to do. Presenting: It includes facial expression, pace, voice, body movements, use of pointer, roles etc†¦ In order to write a reflection I selected Gibbs 1988 model. It is mainly used by health professionals. To reflect is not enough, you then have to put into practice the learning and new understanding you have gained therefore allowing the reflective process to inform your practice. Taking action is the key; Gibbs prompts the practitioner to formulate an action plan. This enables the reflective practitioner to look at their practice and see what they would change in the future, how they would develop/improve their practice (Gibbs, 1988). It has got six different stages. Which are description, feeling ,evaluation, analysis, conclusion and action plan. Description: As part of my overseas nursing program I had to deliver a 15 minutes presentation on choice of subject on the final day at university. On my period of planning I was very confused about the selection of topic. Variety of topics was in my mind. Finally I decided my topic which was percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy feeding and the care of patient with PEG. I was really satisfied when I selected the topic. Because I felt it is going to be an important and useful information for all the nurses in their work place. Initial period of my job in this country have come across patients with PEG tube. It was a new experience for me. After the selection of my topic I started doing some research on it. I read some books, journals, and collected information from search engines. Evidence based practice define as ‘ the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making nursing decisions about the care of individual patients’ (Sackett, 1996). As it is a problem solving approach to the today’s healthcare system, it brings better clinical decisions and patient outcome. In order to make my presentation more effective and clear I decided to use some visuals, this was power point slides. My slides were simple and easy to understand. Once I finished my preparation I started to practise. I practised in front of my family just to reduce the stage fear. At the day of presentation I was confident enough to present in front of a group. Feeling: In order to adjust the time our group was divided in to two. I was the third person in the first group. On the day I was slightly nervous especially few minutes before the presentation starts. Fortunately I felt very confident at the time of presentation and the colleagues were really supportive and responsive which increased my comfort level with in the class. Now I feel , by doing this presentation helped me to achieve an important skill in my profession, as teaching has an active part in nursing. Evaluation: International Center for Alcohol Policies (2014) says Evaluation offers a way to determine whether an initiative has been worthwhile in terms of delivering what was intended and expected. It has an important role to improve own skills. After my presentation I approached my tutor and she gave me a very effective and clear feedback. She explained my aims, learning outcomes, introduction of presentation was clearly stated. I used appropriate aids and the delivery of presentation was appropriate, and it was evidence based too. The place where I could improve was the time management as I was little short on my time. Analysis: According to Ritchey, (1996) Analysis is defined as the procedure by which we break down an intellectual or substantial whole into parts or components. After my presentation I have gone through my experience once again and I felt my selection of topic was right as I saw my colleagues enjoyed the topic. But I was a little bit disappointed as I was a bit short on my time. When I was practicing at home I made sure I was on time. With this presentation I understood the importance of planning and organising the work as well as time management. Conclusion: I found it myself the opportunity I got from the overseas nursing program was really great. Teaching in front of a group of people was a stressful job for me. When I realized I had to do it I tried for the level best and the feedback from my tutor made me more strong. Nurse has an important role in teaching the staff. In my future career I will be more confident to teach people , because I understood that, it will increase my knowledge as well. Action plan: I will be doing another presentation in my work place regarding moving and handling as we have many new staff started. Before I do it I will make sure I will reach my intended time limit. Moreover that, I will go through reading materials and prepare the contents from evidence based knowledge. This section I am planning to do it with a mixture of theory and practical. I will show them the different types of hoists, slings and how to use it. It will be more easier to understand the moving and handling technique. Adhering to NMC code (2008) I will update my knowledge and skills throughout my career. References: Gibbs, G. (1988). Learning by Doing: a guide to teaching and learning methods. London: Further Education Unit. Nickolas, F (2003). Effective presentations, distance consulting: www.nickols.uk (Last accessed on 04/02/2014) NMC(2008) The code. http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Guidance/NMC-Guidance-on-professional-conduct-for-nursing-and-midwifery-students.PDF (Last accessed on 10/01/2014). International Center for Alcohol Policies (2014) What Is Evaluation. Online.(Last accessed on 24/02/2014) . http://www.icap.org/PolicyTools/Toolkits/EvaluationToolkit/2WhatIsEvaluation/tabid/441/Default.aspx Ritchey T, (1996) On Scientific Method Based on a Study by Bernhard Riemann. Analysis and Synthesis. Online.(Last accessed on 20/02/2014) http://swemorph.com/pdf/anaeng-r.pdf Sackett, D.L., Rosenberg, W.M., Gray, J.A., Haynes, R.B. and Richardson, W.S. (1996) ‘Evidence based medicine: What it is and what it isn’t’, British Medical Journal. University of Leicester (2009) Planning an effective presentation. Learning development .online. (Last accessed on 10/02/2014). http://www2.le.ac.uk/offices/ld/resources/pdfs-of-study-guides/presentation- skills-pdfs/planning-presentation-v1.0.pdf. R PhilipPage 1 Reflection on Nursing Presentation Reflection on Nursing Presentation Working in the surgical ward entails numerous responsibilities for a health care practitioner like me. Thinking about the holistic care, recovery of patients and minimising any complications from occurring are a few of those responsibilities that a surgical nurse always has to keep in mind. According to Anthony Lee (2007), whether it is abdominal surgery, plastic surgery, or any other invasive surgical treatment, it is dangerous to assume 100% safety. He also stressed that due to the miracles that surgery gives, people might often tend to forget the risks and complications that go with it. One of these risks commonly associated with surgery is the occurrence of deep vein thrombosis in the postoperative phase. In the absence of thromboprophylaxis, deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a significant risk for surgical patients especially those undergoing orthopaedic surgery and lengthy procedures (ICS 2002, SIGN 2002, Geerts et al 2004, ICS 2006, NICE 2007). This fact gave me the interest of choosing DVT prevention as my topic for the presentation so as to make me and the listeners more knowledgeable about DVT risk assessment prevention thus eradicating this complication from occurring. This essay points out a reflection about the 15-minute seminar presentation that I completed within the course of my study. Utilising the Gibbs (1988) reflective model, I would be sharing my learning and feelings based on the whole experience. DESCRIPTION During the first meeting with our programme tutors, we were orientated to prepare a 15-minute presentation of any topic related to our whole adaptation experience which would particularly focus on evidence-based practice. This would assess not only our knowledge and mastery of the chosen topic but it would also assess our communication and presentational skills. Based on the assignment given, I made a research about evidence based practice to guide me in choosing my topic. As cited by Sackett, et al (1996), evidence based practice is the conscientious, explicit and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients. The practice of evidence-based medicine means integrating individual clinical expertise with the best available external clinical evidence from systematic research. Based on these findings, I carried on with my quest for an interesting topic.   Within the week, I was able to take care of a patient who was admitted for suspected deep vein thrombosis when he stopped wearing his antiembolic stockings. His wife had difficulty putting them on his legs. He was my patient the previous month when he had a total hip replacement done. This patient made me realise how important antiembolic stockings are and made me interested about DVT. Thus, I finally decided to present about the prevention of DVT in surgical patients. In preparation for the upcoming presentation day, I started my research by checking the internet for any information regarding DVT and its prevention. There were so much information from different sources and reading on these different sources made the topic confusing for me. So, I started searching for an article from journals that would be perfect for my presentation and which I could focus on. I found an article from the Journal of Perioperative Practice and based my presentation on that article. I organised my presentation, added more relevant information from different sources, and made a structured powerpoint presentation based from the researches made. I also added pictures colourful designs to make my visual aids creative. I studied on my topic and did a lot of practice days before the final day to make me more confident. FEELINGS The awaited presentation day finally came. To boost my confidence and impress the viewers, I was all dressed up to look smart. I was so nervous while waiting for my turn to present especially that it was quite a long time ago that I have had presentations like this. I was also a bit worried that the time allotted for my presentation would not be enough for me because I made it as comprehensive as possible. I was also planning to give a short exercise for the viewers to gain interaction from them. When it was my turn to speak up, the confidence came out and the nervousness faded. I was able to explain the whole topic thoroughly without any difficulty and the 15 minutes went so quickly. I was able to attract attention from the viewers by making the presentation as lively as possible and gaining interaction from them through exchange of ideas. At the end of the presentation, I was also able to assess their understanding of the topic by conducting a short exercise about DVT risk assessment. My presentation went smoothly and before I knew it, it came to an end. I really enjoyed being on stage much more than the whole preparation phase. EVALUATION After everyone presented their topics, our assessors gave us their evaluation about our performances. The assessor gave me very good feedback regarding my overall performance. I was so surprised that he gave me the highest possible grade in all the criteria. I was informed that I had very good communication interaction skills and that I mastered my topic really well. I was so happy with feedback from my assessor and from my fellow classmates as well. I can never believe that I have that much confidence in me and that I was able to nail the presentation. One comment that I could possibly give about my presentation is the fact that I made it so comprehensive that the 15 minutes was not enough for me to really explain some of the topics well. I asked for an extension of the time given so as I could finish the exercise. ANALYSIS This experience made me prove to myself that I am able to attain my goals with perseverance and belief in myself. I gained so much learning and realisations from the whole experience and these after effects are whats most important to make me a better person and a better professional. As defined, learning could be thought of as a process by which behaviour changes as a result of experience (Maples and Webster 1980 quoted in Merriam and Caffarella 1991: 124). I am hoping that this experience would make me change my behaviour to be more confident when interacting with other people. CONCLUSION The entire experience was an excellent way of gaining knowledge about evidence based practice. But, it was not focused on the reinforcement of our knowledge alone but on the enhancement of our communication and interaction skills. I can say that I gave my best to deliver a good presentation but still, there is always a room for improvement. I can say that the topic that I covered was too long to fit in a 15 minute presentation and because of that, I was rushing to finish all my slides within the allotted time. So, the next time I would do another presentation, I have realised that I should simplify the topics and practice more beforehand to know if the allotted time is enough for the whole presentation. ACTION PLAN With this activity, I have gained much learning and had improved my presentational skills. In the future, I would expect to be more confident in doing presentations and be able to anticipate the tasks that need to be done beforehand. I would spend more time in preparation for the activity to gain more confidence and to prevent any difficulties from occurring.

True Wealth Essay example -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When one asks themselves "what is wealth," people immediately think of money. They think of nice cars and big houses. People think of power and the ability to have control over others. When I was in elementary school I believed this same thing. Now that I am in college my outlook on what wealth is has changed dramatically. To me wealth is contentment and knowledge. With these two things will come the greatest wealth a person can achieve. Money does not necessarily mean contentment although some people think that it does. Wealth is not having money, property, and power if these things cannot make a person truly content. These things do not necessarily bring wisdom either.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I think of wealth a quotation comes to mind. It was said by Henry David Thoreau:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  "Books are the treasured wealth of the world and the fit inheritance   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  of generations and nations... Their authors are a natural and irresistible   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  aristocracy in every society, and, more than kings or emperors, exert an   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  influence on mankind."   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe that if one chooses to enrich their mind and strive for knowledge that they are truly wealthy. Wealth is the ability to enrich and influence. With knowledge one can do these things. Wealth is not taking things for granted. In many ways knowledge can help you achieve success. With knowledge one can look into the past and see the mistakes that others have made. The person with knowledge will not repeat these mistakes. Kn...

Search for Truth in Edgar Lee Masters

Oftentimes, the poems that are related â€Å"speak† to one another and give the reader efferent perspectives on the same issue. By doing this, the poetic elements of the related poems act to change and contribute to the themes of each other. â€Å"Benjamin Panties† and â€Å"Mrs.. Benjamin Panties† are two poems In the anthology that, when read individually, seem to have separate themes, but when read together speak to each other in an â€Å"argument and response† manner. Through an explication of the two poems, it can be seen that Benjamin Panther and Mrs..Benjamin Panther both feel betrayed, but their differing perspectives change the reader's Initial Impression of sympathy for both characters to one of questioning for truth. The form of the two poems Is free verse In that there Is no strict rhyme or meter. This style Is very beneficial In getting the themes of the two poems across In a very effective way. Free verse works well In getting these themes ac ross because the poet Is not as â€Å"trapped† In a specific form.This develops the themes of the two poems In a much more relatable manner since both poems deal with problems that most people can relate to such as friendship, betrayal, marriage, and loneliness. Adding to this discussion of Masters' style of writing, Emilio Tolerated states that â€Å"halls lines stir up a very human otter, made up of conciseness, hardness, and classic rhythms; he Is clear-sighted, sometimes satirical, always brilliant and direct† (Talented 46).This Is a very Insightful critique, especially In his assertion that Masters' delivery Is very human and direct because this allows the average reader to get Into the mind of the characters and genuinely relate to their themes. In â€Å"Benjamin Panther† the theme Is that companionship Is necessary to live a happy life, even If It Is with a dog, especially when you have a miserable relationship with your wife and there Is no one else to t urn to. On the other hand, the theme of â€Å"Mrs..Benjamin Panther† Is that you cannot always trust people based on what they say and how people perceive them, and It Is wrong to Judge because sometimes seemingly Irrational decisions have a listened explanation. Free verse â€Å"Benjamin Panties† helps to develop the sincerity to his relationship with his dog, Nigh, and shows how he has become indifferent to the world. The free verse acts almost like a letter to the reader trying to express the struggles he faced at the end of his life. This is not to imply that there are not some intentional stresses in the poems.For example, Benjamin Panties says â€Å"our story is lost in silence. Go by, mad world! † (â€Å"B. P. † 12). There is definitely a stress on this last phrase which is important to his argument because it makes his assertion much more resonant and memorable. â€Å"Mrs.. Benjamin Panties† is also written in free verse in what appears to be an outright reply to Benjamin poem. She is very candidly expressing the problems she has with her husband, problems that she notes many people do not see from the surface.This helps to bring up a connected theme among the two poems which is that marriage is more complicated than it seems on the surface and requires insight into the situation of the husband and wife to understand the true nature of a relationship. While the order of these two poems, in the anthology, may not seem that important, it can be very helpful in discerning how the themes speak to each other, and how they are shaped in the reader's mind. It is no coincidence that â€Å"Benjamin Panties† is the first poem because it introduces this character as being someone completely without a human friend and who has given up on life.The line â€Å"our story is lost in silence. Go by, mad world! † (â€Å"B. P. † 12) is very important in showing that Benjamin did not feel that people understood his de speration and that his story is often lost. This leads directly into â€Å"Mrs.. Benjamin Panties† where she contradicts most everything her husband has asserted in the previous poem and says â€Å"all the men loved him/and most of the women pitied him! † (â€Å"M. B. P. † 3-4). Mrs.. Panties is very effectively calling Benjamin argument into question by saying that these concerns for him are false and unjustified.Initially, Benjamin poem seems very sad and the reader takes pity with him until reading the next poem. What Masters has done so well is in setting up the second poem while the previous one is still in the reader's mind. This acts to alter Benjamin theme room one of solitude that is uncontrolled to one of solitude that is brought on by himself as a result of not appreciating his wife. The occurrence of a very similar idea found in both poems, but with different implications, prove to cause conflict among their individual themes.In both poems there is a brief mention of alcohol, but the context in which both are used are completely different. Benjamin Panties says â€Å"†¦ L was alone/with Nigh for partner, bed- fellow, comrade in drink† (â€Å"B. P. † 4-5), which implies that the only friend he had to drink with was his dog, and, once again, makes the reader feel sorry for him. On the other hand, Mrs.. Benjamin Panties points out that she â€Å"loathe(s) the smell of whiskey and onions† (â€Å"M. B. P. † 6), which shows that she saw the alcohol as one of the problems that pulled her and her husband apart.While this may not seem important to the connection of the two poems, it is very significant because it shows that Benjamin fall from glory into solitude could be of his own making. On the other hand, the issue of alcohol in Benjamin poem could alter Mrs.. Pannier's theme because the argument could be made that Mrs.. Panties drove her husband to alcohol because of her failure o be a good wife and constant companion. So, in a very interesting way this mention of alcohol creates a sense of ambiguity in both poems and gets the reader to question to r an Mrs..Pannier's argument, while contributing to the reader's interpretation of both of the themes. In these two poems, Masters uses devices of sound and poetic diction very effectively to set the tone and advance the arguments of the poems. In â€Å"Benjamin Panties† there is both alliteration and a hyperbole in the line â€Å"then she, who survives me, snared my soul with a snare which bled me to death† (â€Å"B. P. † 7-8). A line very similar to this is found in â€Å"Mrs.. Benjamin Panties† as she is Justifying her reasons for being a seemingly bad wife.This constant repetition of the hard â€Å"s† sound turns the alliteration into onomatopoeia that sounds almost like a snake hissing when the poem is read aloud. This sets the very somber tone of the poem which is reflected by Benjamin solitud e and â€Å"loss of soul† which he blames on his wife. In addition to setting this tone, the fact that Benjamin uses these negative words in direct reference to his wife strengthens his argument in the eyes of the reader because they now associate this snakelike sound and deathly scene with the fife's cold attitude towards her husband.An example of how poetic diction helps set tone can be seen in the word â€Å"dingy' used in both poems to express the room Benjamin was forced to live in by his wife. The word implies a very unclean and nasty environment and is used near the end of both poems to leave the reader with a sense of the unclean nature of their relationship. It is significant that the same adjective is used to describe the room in both poems because it implies for Benjamin how bad his life has become, and for Mrs.. Panties how disgusted she was with him to force him to live in such a place.There is a very unique example of irony found in the two poems, which is brou ght out when they are directly compared. Both Mr.. And Mrs.. Panties make mention of the law in their poems, but in very different ways. Benjamin Panties mentions at the very beginning of his poem that he is an attorney at law. This shows that Mr.. Panties has a good education and a clear understanding of the law. Mrs.. Panties also directly mentions the law but in reference to their marriage by stating â€Å"the only man with whom the law and morality/permit you to have the marital relation/is the very man that fills you with disgust† (â€Å"M.B. P. † 13-15). What comes across as ironic in this cross- reference is that Mrs.. Panties names both law and morality as the reasons why she cannot escape the unhappy marriage. Since Mr.. Panties is a lawyer, he can be seen as a man who upholds the law and has to maintain a certain level of moral integrity in his profession. Mrs.. Pannier's assertion against the law and morality could, in fact, be another way of associating bla me to her husband for her being trapped in a bad marriage.Masters' background had a lot to do with the types of poems and themes he dealt with in Spoon River Anthology. Literary critic Stephen Cushman says that Masters â€Å"was cursed with the need to search all his life for the love his mother failed to give him and doomed not to recognize genuine love, since he had been deprived of it in the most fundamental stages of his existence, and we can concur in his Judgment that such a fate would ultimately play itself out in a life involving many women and many wanderings until, his physical energies exhausted, he would end old and alone. (Cushman 162). This description of Masters helps a great deal in giving a deeper meaning as to why he wrote so many poems about unhappy marriages that ended in loneliness. Since he did not experience much love early in his life, these themes to loneliness and blame taunt in the Panniers could be a way tort him to express how he felt. It is very import ant to see that there are other sets of poems in Spoon River Anthology that speak to each other about unhappy marriages through differing perspectives.In the poems â€Å"Lie McGee† and â€Å"Fletcher McGee,† this husband and wife both tell of how one made the other's life miserable. Lie claims that Fletcher took her youth and beauty in life, while Fletcher claims that Lie drained the life out of him during her life and continued to haunt him after her death. Another pair of poems that display this theme of an unhappy marriage and leave the reader to question who is telling the truth is â€Å"Rose Parallel† and â€Å"Mrs.. Parallel. † Rose wants out of his marriage and attempts to get out if by disappearing for a year, but Mrs..Parakeet refuses to get a divorce. Both sets of poems are very similar to the Panniers in the sense that nobody in these marriages can escape their unhappiness in life, and all of them ultimately die very upset with their spouses. T he unhappy marriage of the Panniers does not stand alone in the small town of Spoon River in vying the reader different perspectives on unsuccessful marriages. While Spoon River Anthology contains many pairs of poems that â€Å"speak† to each other, â€Å"Benjamin Panties† and â€Å"Mrs..Benjamin Panties† are two that significantly change the meaning of each other's themes. Standing alone, each poem invokes sympathy in the reader because Benjamin has no human friends and his wife feels trapped in a miserable marriage. Analyzing these two poems together brings out a connected theme among the poems that both Mr.. And Mrs.. Panties feel betrayed, but their differing perspectives change the reader's initial impression and force them to either choose one character's argument or find some middle ground in their quest for the truth.

Doctrine of Vicarious Liability

Doctrine of Vicarious Liability Abstract The doctrine of vicarious liability refers to a situation where a person is held responsible for actions of another individual based on the relationship that exists between the two. The doctrine has a number of legal and ethical justifications, but some are outdated and not applicable in the present world.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Doctrine of Vicarious Liability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay establishes some of the assumptions in the doctrine including that the employer is the richest in the employer-employee relationship, and hence responsible for any torts committed by the former. The doctrine has a number of modern day applications with some of the elements being rendered redundant. This paper concludes that the doctrine is an unavoidable one in the current century, as it has led to a number of positive changes. Introduction Vicarious responsibility is a doctrine of common la w that has been in existence for a number of centuries. Vicarious responsibility refers to a situation whereby an employer is held legally responsible for the actions of his/her employees. The employee is deemed to have committed an offence and in effect, the organization or employer under whom s/he works is held responsible. Some prominent features of the doctrine are central to its existence, which include that there has to be a tort committed against the plaintiff and at the time that the tort is committed, the employee is under the said employer or supervisor (Neyers, 2005, p. 3). Some of the other features include that an employee may also be held responsible for the tort together with the employer. Vicarious responsibility has a number of implications both legal and institutional, and these aspects have attracted a number of legal and ethical justifications. The doctrine has also undergone a series of changes over the last number of years (Giliker, 2010). Therefore, it is appl ied differently in the modern world. In this research paper, an introduction to the doctrine of vicarious responsibility is made with a focus on the ethical and legal implications under deliberation. The paper also establishes some of the applications of the doctrine in the modern world.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The existence of vicarious responsibility occurs between an employee and an employer, and as Neyers (2005) states, the theory of vicarious responsibility does not apply between employers and their independent contractors, parents, children, or the shareholders. The application of the theory is also not in the relationship that exists between a parent and his/her child or that between supervisors and those beneath them. The doctrine only applies for the employer for the torts committed only by the legal employees. Some of the reasons for the existence of the doctrine of vicarious responsibility include the assumption that the employer controls the actions of the employees, and thus s/he should be held responsible (Neyers, 2005). Some critics have tried to argue against the application of vicarious liability based on the presumption that the employer determines what the workers do in the course of their duties. Some of the arguments against this doctrine include that the control over an employee is not sufficient reason to apply vicarious liability since other relationships have no such implications. Some have even gone ahead and faulted the doctrine with the example of a schoolteacher and her/his pupils or a parent and his/her children, with the conclusion that control is not a good explanation of vicarious liability in the employer-employee relationship (Neyers, 2005). Ethical and Legal Justifications There are a number of ethical and legal justifications and implications of vicarious liability between an employer and their employe e. Some of the ethical issues in vicarious responsibility include the bearing of punishment for an employer for the torts that are unrelated to them. In most cases of vicarious liability, the employer is unaware of any misconduct by the employee, and there may not be any mistake committed. Some of the other ethical issues lie in the main reason for the existence of vicarious liability. Most plaintiffs sue employers with the basic assumption that they are richer than the employees are, and thus they could afford the charges that are likely to be imposed on them (Giliker, 2010). This assumption means that the reason that the plaintiffs sue the employers is for financial gains as opposed to seeking justice.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Doctrine of Vicarious Liability specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The assumption is that the actions of the employee are within the control of the employer and that they are d irectly responsible (Giliker, 2002). One of the ethical issues that arise with this premise is the nature of the assumption. Employees often have intentional torts that their employers are made responsible for, which is unethical. In most cases, employers have paid fines for actions of their employees that were committed in bad faith. These actions are not necessarily within the responsibility of the employer, and they cost businesses and organizations large amounts of money in fines. The cases also degrade the reputations of the involved parties, which may need a lot of time and money to win back. Despite the above issues, some ethical justifications to the existence of vicarious responsibility exist. One is that employers are held responsible for the actions of their employees, and this aspect in turn makes them hold the employees in close supervision. This assertion implies that employees have to work with certain standards, thus ensuring that the quality of services rendered to clients is appropriate. Another form of ethical justification for the vicarious responsibility is that it allows taking of responsibility for employers, thus preventing legal issues with their employees and clients (Giliker, 2002). Another justification for vicarious liability is that it reduces the number of accidents in the workplace, with the employers having to put in place measures to ensure that accidents do not take place. Some scholars have stated that the presence of vicarious responsibility is important in regulating some industries, with the most important of these being the service industry (Giliker, 2010). Employees get warnings on any unethical behaviour and are served with terms of employment, and organizations in which they work has to put in place punitive measures to ensure that employees respect these regulations. In the health industry, for example, medical practitioners have to ensure that the employees under them respect the ethical code of conduct to avoid any legal implications in the case of negligence.Advertising Looking for research paper on ethics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Vicarious liability has also enabled the reduction of negligence in workplaces, with employers having to reduce the number of incidents that happen under their watch. The implication here is that employers have to abide strictly to the set industry rules, embark on the regular training of their employees, and choose those that are competent in the line of duty. These measures have ensured efficiency in the concerned industries in addition to preventing any legal implications in terms of vicarious liability. Some of the legal justifications of the vicarious liability include the generation of laws that are used in the processing of various legal cases related to the running of organizations. Over the past few years, there have been a number of high profile cases involving vicarious liability, which have affected the outcomes of cases that followed and their judgments. These rulings have been important in the formulation of policy in the respective industries, thus making the working environment much safer and efficient. Employers are held responsible for the actions of the employees since they are required to train them on the basic requirements before they join the job market. Another legal justification is that the law has to hold institutions responsible Application in the modern world Vicarious liability has a number of applications in the modern world, which have not changed for several decades. As Mclvor (2006) states, the determination of when a tort has been committed is one of the major functions of industrial courts. Therefore, the doctrine of vicarious liability ensures that there is taking of responsibility in the industrial courts, thus making it easier to identify the aggrieved parties and those to pay for the damages. Another application of vicarious liability is the maintenance of law and order in different sectors. Since employers are aware of the consequences of vicarious liability, they train their employees on how to avoid it through adequat e training, selection, and provision of the basic minimum working conditions. For employees, vicarious liability is not as safe for them as perceived. Most employees are warned of any vicarious liability that organizations may encounter in their hands, which means that they have to use caution in their interaction with clients. This move has led to improved service delivery with companies producing a better output compared to earlier years (McIvor, 2006). Companies keep track of the performance of the companies through the mechanisms that have been set in place to avoid cases arising from vicarious responsibility. The doctrine has also a number of applications in the modern courtroom with the legal system respecting its existence. A number of rulings on the same have also ensured that the parties are given a fair ruling. These rulings have been a landmark with the outcomes being used as a basis for the next rulings. One of the principles of the existence of vicarious liability is th e assumption that the employer is rich, and thus can cater for the charges that are awarded against the organizations. This aspect has acted as deterrence for employees and employers, thus preventing some of the torts that were common before the introduction of the principle (Giliker, 2010). Another way in which the doctrine is applied today includes the guaranteeing of responsibility where torts are committed in an organization by people who may not be necessarily known. Before the introduction of the doctrine, organizations could hide in the ability of the afflicted parties to establish employees that were responsible for the torts committed. Therefore, it would be difficult to establish the right culprits or punishment. With the introduction of vicarious liability, clients can single out the organizations that were involved and this aspect has created responsible organizations (Giliker, 2002). Another way in which vicarious liability is important in organizational management is t he creation of working relationship between the employee and the employer. Employers have integrated themselves in the daily lives of the employees by ensuring that they have an enabling working environment and are in a position to deliver. The above measures mean that the employer-employee relationship has improved over the last few years, with a portion of the success being attributable to the doctrine. However, some of the modern applications of the ethical and legal justifications of vicarious liability are not applicable in the present world. The assumption that the employer is the richest party in cases against clients may not be applicable, as some organizations are not as wealthy as the clients in the tort may purport them to be. Some may even be bankrupt and unable to afford the required fines. The assumption has also led to the emergence of a new type of clients that engage in vicarious liability to benefit financially. Therefore, they set out to make employees commit cert ain torts out of will to achieve their motives of compensation. Over the years, there have been a number of court cases where the plaintiff was involved in the committing of a crime to benefit financially without any damages being found. Organizations have lost valuable money to these kinds of tricksters and some have ended up being sued by the organizations for defamation. In some of the instances, the decision is reversed where the employer is found to have no responsibility in the committing of the tort, especially where the mandate of the employee was not within the limits of the organization. Another way in which the legal and ethical justification for the vicarious liability applies is the manner in which organizations can raise money and declare their wealth. Over the past decades, organizations could hold a large number of assets and finances without the knowledge of the public (Giliker, 2010). With the introduction of vicarious liability, many organizations are cautious to announce and publish their financial resources. This element works as a tactic for discouraging any of the clients who may be interested in making claims based on vicarious liability. Some of the other applications of vicarious liability include the definition of roles in organizations. In the current organizational structure, employees have specifically defined roles, which they are required to play in the companies, and these form the avenues within which vicarious liability is applicable. Therefore, employers have ensured that the roles of employees are specially defined to avoid litigations or any other legal implications as applied in vicarious liability (Grubb, 2004). The application of vicarious liability is not new in organizations and for centuries, there has been an existence of a contract between the employee and the employer where the employer is held responsible for the actions of the employees. However, the doctrine has been adopted in the legal system, allowing the ob served changes. Conclusion Vicarious liability has a number of applications in cases whereby an individual is made responsible for the crimes committed by another. The doctrine has mainly been applicable in organizations with over a century in the legal system. The origin is not clear to many researchers, but the doctrine serves to ensure the bearing of responsibility for actions committed within the organizational ranks. The existence of the doctrine draws a number of ethical and legal justifications, and they include the desire to have people take responsibility for the actions of their subordinates in organizations. The legal justifications underscore the view that the employees’ actions are directly linked to employers, and that the two are equally responsible. However, presumably, the employer is the richer of the two, and thus can afford to pay for the fines and the areas of the torts in a court of law. Some of the modern applications of the doctrine have been described in the essay, and the most evident result is the improvement in service delivery in organizations. References Giliker, P. (2002). Rough Justice in an Unjust World. Modern Law Review, 65(3), 269-271. Giliker, P. (2010). Vicarious liability in tort: A comparative perspective. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. Grubb, A. (2004). Principles of Medical Law. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. McIvor, C. (2006).The use and abuse of the doctrine of vicarious liability. Common Law World Review, 4(2), 268-296. Neyers, J. (2005). A theory of vicarious liability. Alberta Law Review, 43(2), 1-41.

Cooperative Learning Models

Cooperative Learning Models Introduction Despite the numerous learning strategies adopted in schools, cooperative learning has been identified as the most efficient. This strategy of instruction and learning has been adequately adopted in many academic institution as well as corporate institutions for educating people.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Cooperative Learning Models specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The advantages of this learning process are extensive. It has been observed that cooperative learning gives students the opportunity to acquire academic, social and cognitive skills in an efficient and effective manner. Cooperative learning has been identified to be highly advantageous in the sense that it helps students to solve problems together as well as solution to conflicting ideas. Individual weaknesses and difference in learning process can be adequately countered through the adoption of cooperative learning thus making it an effi cient learning strategy. There are various cooperative learning models which can be efficiently adopted by the teacher for instruction. Some of the main cooperative learning models include; the Graffiti model, the jigsaw model, the academic controversy model and the student teams-achievement division (STAD) model. Despite the numerous efficiencies of each of the cooperative learning models, each is endowed with varied characteristics. This essay will compare and contrast the above highlighted cooperative learning models. The four cooperative learning models including the; Graffiti model, the academic controversy model, the jigsaw model, and the student teams-achievement division (STAD) model have a high sense of commonness. An analysis of the four models of cooperative learning indicates that each of the models is aimed at ensuring integration of students’ ideas in the classroom. The concept of working together as a group in the classroom is explicitly demonstrated by each of the model. This aspect depicts the similarities of the models in enhancing supportive cooperative learning. In the case of graffiti model, students are offered a chance to work in groups on previously identified topics and questions. This helps students to share individual and group knowledge on the topic. This scenario is also depicted in the jigsaw model whereby students are divided into groups and each member assigned with some piece of information. This individual information is integrated together with those of other members thus making it possible to realise the class objectives collectively. In the case of academic controversy model, students are offered adequate freedom to express their understanding on a certain topic.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This creates an open forum for debate, discussion and conflict of ideas thus leading to sharing of information. On t he other hand, the student teams-achievement division (STaD) model also replicates the other models in the sense that it is based on team learning. Students are in this case divided in teams of about five and assigned with specific topics for discussion after which they present to the whole class. On the contrary, the various cooperative learning models have demonstrated significant differences. This is based on the nature of the teams adopted in instruction as well as distribution of materials or information to be discussed. In the graffiti model, students are required to discuss in groups previously identified topics. Each group is supposed to make summaries on all class’s responses. A special aspect of this model is that it ensures face-to-face interactions and positive interdependence among the students. This is in contrast to jigsaw model whereby students are offered with different materials to discuss and share with their colleagues. Academic controversy model on the ot her hand entails open discussion among students, whereby they share their knowledge and experiences on a certain question or topic. In the case of student teams-academic division (STaD) model, students study in groups. These are heterogeneous and representative groups of the entire class. After the group discussions, the information or results of each groups is discussed to the whole class. Conclusion In summation, it has been clearly evident that cooperative learning is one of the most effective learning strategies. This form of learning ensures smooth integration of student’s knowledge in the classroom. Student gain a lot of experience and knowledge on social, cognitive and academic skills. The concept of group work is embraced in cooperative learning whereby students are able to solve problems together. The different cooperative learning models have demonstrated a high sense of similarities in terms of group discussion and collaborative learning. On the contrary, the mode of execution of each model is different this making each model to be distinct.

Portrayal of Modern Women by Contemporary Women's Magazines Research Paper

Portrayal of Modern Women by Contemporary Women's Magazines - Research Paper Example Because of the many roles women play, they often seek advise from various sources. One source that they may find consistently reliable are women’s magazines because these depict articles set in the modern times, and assumed to promote modern values. At a time when information is so much easier to acquire from various media sources including television, radio and the internet, concrete reading materials are still conveniently available and preferred by many readers (Stevens, Maclaran & Catteral, 2007). It would be interesting to explore how contemporary magazines depict women and what priorities they should have in life. Although contemporary women’s magazines such as Glamour and Cosmopolitan claim to empower modern women to be more assertive and independent in achieving gender equality, the message sent out from their content (emphasis on the importance of women’s beauty and their success in relationships) seem to endorse traditional femininity ideologies, which put women in a role subservient to men in a patriarchal society. Since magazines may have a great influence on how women think, it is crucial to understand the subliminal and overt messages such media format feeds them. The research question that will be explored in this paper is: â€Å"How are women portrayed in contemporary women’s magazines and what messages are conveyed to them?† The significance of finding answers to this question will provide enlightenment on how society views women, how women view themselves and how such views guide their value formation, attitude and behaviors. Theoretical Framework This paper is guided by the Sexual Script Theory by Gagnon & Simon (1973) and the Objectification Theory by Frederickson & Roberts (1997). Scripting theory is premised on the concept that individuals have subjective understandings that determine their choices and qualitative experiences. Sexual Script Theory, specifically focus on the subjective understanding of a p erson about his or her sexuality that determine his or her sexual actions and experiences related to sex. Scripts are cognitive devices used to guide people in their behaviors. Sometimes, such behaviors are â€Å"self-fulfilling prophecies† to support the scripts upheld by the person. For example, if one’s sexual script is to be desirable in order to be liked as a person, then that individual will exert all efforts to look attractive and behave in a seductive manner. Similarly, and to more specifically illustrate the Sexual Scripting theory, the Objectification theory explains how females internalize an observer’s view to be the primary view of her physical self. This means that if a woman gets accustomed to being seen as an object of desire, she becomes socialized to treat herself as such and behaves accordingly (Frederickson & Roberts, 1997). Vulnerable to judgment of society, women vigilantly monitor themselves with the knowledge that being positively viewed by others means more opportunities. Studies have shown that how a woman’s body appears to others can determine her life experiences. Physical attractiveness seem to matter more to females than to males. Women deemed unattractive by their co workers are described more negatively and given less regard than comparatively unattractive men (Bar-Tar & Saxe, 1976; Cash, Gillen & Burns, 1977; Wallston & O’Leary, 1981). Physical attract

User Models and Models of Human Performance Essay

User Models and Models of Human Performance - Essay Example There are seven steps that are involved in developing a critical path model (Stanton 2007). The first is defining the tasks. In a situation where a driver is driving a car on the road and his mobile phone rings, the river will perform the following tasks: The second step identifies the input and output sensory modalities used in the tasks. For example, in retrieving the mobile, the driver will use his left or right hand, making the task step manual. Pressing buttons is also manual and can either be done by the right or the left thumb. Talking on the phone constitutes speech modality whereas listening requires auditory. Reading the screen requires visual modality and responding can involve cognitive modality. Step 3 of the approach requires construction of a chart, where dependency of the tasks is assessed (Sikora & Hattan 2009). The tasks need to be followed in a specific order, one after the other, and two tasks having the same modality need to be performed in series. Step 4 involves assigning the task time and these estimates should be accurate, unbiased and consistent (Thornley 2003). For example, retrieving the mobile can take five, six seconds on average, whereas talking can take long, depending on the duration of the conversati on. Pressing the buttons can take up to half a second each, whereas reading and looking at the screen can consume two to three seconds each. Then forward pass time needs to be calculated by adding up the individual times of each task, and, assuming a one minute long conversation, it becomes 73 seconds. Then backward pass is calculated. The last step is the calculation of the critical path, which is done by identifying the nodes which have zero difference between Earliest Start Time and Latest Finish Time. The model will provide a comprehensive procedure to make adjustments for variations in user performances. The arrangement of elements can be evaluated by a cognitive model and the design can be adjusted to outcomes of the